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Volume 49 Issue 5
May  2022
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Genetics and Genomics  > 2022  >  49(5): 394-404

Nitrogen assimilation in plants: current status and future prospects

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.12.006
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    a State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;

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    b College of Advanced Agricultural Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;

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    c Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China;

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    d College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China

Funds:

This work was supported by the Major Program of Guangdong Basic and Applied Research (2019B030302006).

  • Received Date: 2021-10-13
  • Accepted Date: 2021-12-23
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-11-30
  • Publish Date: 2021-12-30
    Abstract
  • Nitrogen (N) is the driving force for crop yields; however, excessive N application in agriculture not only increases production cost, but also causes severe environmental problems. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms of N use efficiency (NUE) and breeding crops with higher NUE is essential to tackle these problems. NUE of crops is determined by N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT, also known as glutamate synthase) are the major enzymes. NR and NiR mediate the initiation of inorganic N utilization, and GS/GOGAT cycle converts inorganic N to organic N, playing a vital role in N assimilation and the final NUE of crops. Besides, asparagine synthetase (ASN), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPSase) are also involved. In this review, we summarize the function and regulation of these enzymes reported in three major crops—rice, maize, and wheat, also in the model plant Arabidopsis, and we highlight their application in improving NUE of crops via manipulating N assimilation. Anticipated challenges and prospects toward fully understanding the function of N assimilation and further exploring the potential for NUE improvement are discussed.
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