The <i>Monochoria</i> genome provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying floral heteranthery

Jingshan Yang; Jinming Chen; Xiangyan He; Guangxi Wang; Spencer C. H. Barrett; Zhizhong Li

doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2025.02.008

Volume 52 Issue 6

Jun. 2025

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The Monochoria genome provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying floral heteranthery

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2025.02.008

a. Aquatic Plant Research Center, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China;
b. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
c. Laboratory of Plant Conservation Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Aichi 468-8502, Japan;
d. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada

Funds:

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32100186), the Self-determined Project of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (PDSC2023-5), the Special Research Assistant Project, Chinese Academy of Sciences (E2291M01), and a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Received Date: 2024-10-18
Accepted Date: 2025-02-13
Rev Recd Date: 2025-02-13

Available Online: 2025-07-11

Publish Date: 2025-02-26

Abstract

Abstract

Heteranthery, the occurrence of functionally and structurally distinct stamens within a flower, represents a striking example of convergent evolution among diverse animal-pollinated lineages. Although the ecological basis of this somatic polymorphism is understood, the developmental and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we selected Monochoria elata (Pontederiaceae) as our study system due to its typical heterantherous floral structure. We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly of M. elata, conducted transcriptomic analyses and target phytohormone metabolome analysis to explore gene networks and hormones associated with heteranthery. We focused on three key stamen characteristics—colour, spatial patterning, and filament elongation—selected for their significant roles in stamen differentiation and their relevance to the functional diversity observed in heterantherous species. Our analyses suggest that gene networks involving MelLEAFY3, MADS-box, and TCP genes regulate stamen identity, with anthocyanin influencing colour, and lignin contributing to filament elongation. Additionally, variation in jasmonic acid and abscisic acid concentration between feeding and pollinating anthers appears to contribute to their morphological divergence. Our findings highlight gene networks and hormones associated with intra-floral stamen differentiation and indicate that whole genome duplications have likely facilitated the evolution of heteranthery during divergence from other Pontederiaceae without heteranthery.
- Flavonoids,
- Gene expression,
- Heteranthery,
- Stamen development,
- Whole genome duplication

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