5.9
CiteScore
5.9
Impact Factor
Volume 45 Issue 2
Feb.  2018
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Journal of Genetics and Genomics  > 2018  >  45(2): 99-109

Precision medicine in hearing loss

doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.02.004
  • a 

    Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA

  • b 

    Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA

  • c 

    John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA

More Information
  • Corresponding author: E-mail address: x.liu1@med.miami.edu (Xue-Zhong Liu)
  • Received Date: 2017-07-27
  • Accepted Date: 2018-02-12
  • Rev Recd Date: 2018-02-12
    • Available Online: 2018-02-16
  • Publish Date: 2018-02-20
    Abstract
  • Precision medicine (PM) proposes customized medical care based on a patient's unique genome, biomarkers, environment and behaviors. Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensorineural disorder worldwide and is frequently caused by a single genetic mutation. With recent advances in PM tools such as genetic sequencing and data analysis, the field of HL is ideally positioned to adopt the strategies of PM. Here, we review current and future applications of PM in HL as they relate to the four core qualities of PM (P4): predictive, personalized, patient-centered, and participatory. We then introduce a strategy for effective incorporation of HL PM into the design of future research studies, electronic medical records, and clinical practice to improve diagnostics, prognostics, and, ultimately, individualized patient treatment. Finally, specific anticipated ethical and economic concerns in this growing era of genomics-based HL treatment are discussed. By integrating PM principles into translational HL research and clinical practice, hearing specialists are uniquely positioned to effectively treat the heterogeneous causes and manifestations of HL on an individualized basis.
    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(126)
  • [1]
    Abou Tayoun, A.N., Al Turki, S.H., Oza, A.M. et al. Improving hearing loss gene testing: a systematic review of gene evidence toward more efficient next-generation sequencing-based diagnostic testing and interpretation Genet. Med., 18 (2016),pp. 545-553
    [2]
    Akil, O., Seal, R.P., Burke, K. et al. Neuron, 75 (2012),pp. 283-293
    [3]
    Alford, R.L., Arnos, K.S., Fox, M. et al. American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guideline for the clinical evaluation and etiologic diagnosis of hearing loss Genet. Med., 16 (2014),pp. 347-355
    [4]
    Aronson, S.J., Rehm, H.L. Building the foundation for genomics in precision medicine Nature, 526 (2015),pp. 336-342
    [5]
    Askew, C., Rochat, C., Pan, B. et al. Sci. Transl. Med., 7 (2015)
    [6]
    Atik, T., Bademci, G., Diaz-Horta, O. et al. Whole-exome sequencing and its impact in hereditary hearing loss Genet. Res. (Camb), 97 (2015)
    [7]
    Azaiez, H., Booth, K.T., Bu, F. et al. Hum. Mutat., 35 (2014),pp. 819-823
    [8]
    Azaiez, H., Decker, A.R., Booth, K.T. et al. HOMER2, a stereociliary scaffolding protein, is essential for normal hearing in humans and mice PLoS Genet., 11 (2015)
    [9]
    Bauer, P.W., Geers, A.E., Brenner, C. et al. Laryngoscope, 113 (2003),pp. 2135-2140
    [10]
    Behlouli, A., Bonnet, C., Abdi, S. et al. Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 9 (2014),p. 55
    [11]
    Booth, K.T., Azaiez, H., Kahrizi, K. et al. Am. J. Med. Genet. A, 167A (2015),pp. 2957-2965
    [12]
    Canzi, P., Pecci, A., Manfrin, M. et al. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital., 36 (2016),pp. 415-420
    [13]
    Chen, D., Zhao, N., Wang, J. et al. Whole-exome sequencing analysis of Waardenburg syndrome in a Chinese family Hum. Genome Var., 4 (2017)
    [14]
    Cheng, A.K., Rubin, H.R., Powe, N.R. et al. Cost-utility analysis of the cochlear implant in children J. Am. Med. Assoc., 284 (2000),pp. 850-856
    [15]
    Cullen, R.D., Buchman, C.A., Brown, C.J. et al. Laryngoscope, 114 (2004),pp. 1415-1419
    [16]
    Cunningham, L.L., Matsui, J.I., Warchol, M.E. et al. J. Neurobiol., 60 (2004),pp. 89-100
    [17]
    Davcheva-Chakar, M., Sukarova-Stefanovska, E., Ivanovska, V. et al. Balkan Med. J., 31 (2014),pp. 60-63
    [18]
    Dhar, S.U., Alford, R.L., Nelson, E.A. et al. Enhancing exposure to genetics and genomics through an innovative medical school curriculum Genet. Med., 14 (2012),pp. 163-167
    [19]
    Diaz-Horta, O., Subasioglu-Uzak, A., Grati, M. et al. FAM65B is a membrane-associated protein of hair cell stereocilia required for hearing Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 111 (2014),pp. 9864-9868
    [20]
    Dinculescu, A., Stupay, R.M., Deng, W.T. et al. PLoS One, 11 (2016)
    [21]
    Dinh, C., Hoang, K., Haake, S. et al. Otol. Neurotol., 29 (2008),pp. 1012-1019
    [22]
    Dror, A.A., Avraham, K.B. Hearing impairment: a panoply of genes and functions Neuron, 68 (2010),pp. 293-308
    [23]
    Duan, M., Venail, F., Spencer, N. et al. Treatment of peripheral sensorineural hearing loss: gene therapy Gene Ther., 11 (2004),pp. S51-S56
    [24]
    Edwards, T.L., Jolly, J.K., Groppe, M. et al. Visual acuity after retinal gene therapy for choroideremia N. Engl. J. Med., 374 (2016),pp. 1996-1998
    [25]
    Elbracht, M., Senderek, J., Eggermann, T. et al. J. Med. Genet., 44 (2007),p. e81
    [26]
    Eshraghi, A.A., Adil, E., He, J. et al. Local dexamethasone therapy conserves hearing in an animal model of electrode insertion trauma-induced hearing loss Otol. Neurotol., 28 (2007),pp. 842-849
    [27]
    Farhadi, M., Jalessi, M., Salehian, P. et al. Dexamethasone eluting cochlear implant: histological study in animal model Cochlear Implants Int., 14 (2013),pp. 45-50
    [28]
    Fedick, A.M., Jalas, C., Swaroop, A. et al. Appl. Clin. Genet., 9 (2016),pp. 141-146
    [29]
    Fukui, H., Raphael, Y. Gene therapy for the inner ear Hear. Res., 297 (2013),pp. 99-105
    [30]
    Fukui, H., Wong, H.T., Beyer, L.A. et al. Sci. Rep., 2 (2012),p. 838
    [31]
    Gao, Z., Chen, Y., Guan, M.X. Mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity J. Otolaryngol., 12 (2017),pp. 1-8
    [32]
    Geller, S.F., Guerin, K.I., Visel, M. et al. PLoS Genet., 5 (2009),p. e1000607
    [33]
    Geng, R., Melki, S., Chen, D.H. et al. The mechanosensory structure of the hair cell requires clarin-1, a protein encoded by Usher syndrome III causative gene J. Neurosci., 32 (2012),pp. 9485-9498
    [34]
    Ghasemnejad, T., Shekari Khaniani, M., Zarei, F. et al. An update of common autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss genes in Iranian population Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 97 (2017),pp. 113-126
    [35]
    Green, G.E., Scott, D.A., McDonald, J.M. et al. Am. J. Med. Genet., 109 (2002),pp. 167-170
    [36]
    Green, R.C., Berg, J.S., Grody, W.W. et al. ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing Genet. Med., 15 (2013),pp. 565-574
    [37]
    Han, Z., Wang, C.P., Cong, N. et al. Therapeutic value of nerve growth factor in promoting neural stem cell survival and differentiation and protecting against neuronal hearing loss Mol. Cell. Biochem., 428 (2017),pp. 149-159
    [38]
    Henneman, L., Vermeulen, E., van El, C.G. et al. Public attitudes towards genetic testing revisited: comparing opinions between 2002 and 2010 Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 21 (2013),pp. 793-799
    [39]
    Iizuka, T., Kamiya, K., Gotoh, S. et al. Hum. Mol. Genet., 24 (2015),pp. 3651-3661
    [40]
    Isgrig, K., Shteamer, J.W., Belyantseva, I.A. et al. Gene therapy restores balance and auditory functions in a mouse model of Usher syndrome Mol. Ther., 25 (2017),pp. 780-791
    [41]
    Jasper, K.M., Jamshidi, A., Reilly, B.K. Pediatric otolaryngology, molecular diagnosis of hereditary hearing loss: next-generation sequencing approach Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 23 (2015),pp. 480-484
    [42]
    Jolly, C., Garnham, C., Mirzadeh, H. et al. Electrode features for hearing preservation and drug delivery strategies Adv. Otorhinolaryngol., 67 (2010),pp. 28-42
    [43]
    Karamert, R., Bayazit, Y.A., Altinyay, S. et al. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 75 (2011),pp. 1572-1575
    [44]
    Kil, K., Choi, M.Y., Kong, J.S. et al. Regenerative efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells from human placenta in sensorineural hearing loss Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 91 (2016),pp. 72-81
    [45]
    Klein, C.J., Botuyan, M.V., Wu, Y. et al. Nat. Genet., 43 (2011),pp. 595-600
    [46]
    Klingbeil, K.D., Greenland, C.M., Arslan, S. et al. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 98 (2017),pp. 59-63
    [47]
    Kochenderfer, J.N., Wilson, W.H., Janik, J.E. et al. Eradication of B-lineage cells and regression of lymphoma in a patient treated with autologous T cells genetically engineered to recognize CD19 Blood, 116 (2010),pp. 4099-4102
    [48]
    Kochhar, A., Hildebrand, M.S., Smith, R.J. Clinical aspects of hereditary hearing loss Genet. Med., 9 (2007),pp. 393-408
    [49]
    Kohrman, D.C., Raphael, Y. Gene therapy for deafness Gene Ther., 20 (2013),pp. 1119-1123
    [50]
    Landegger, L.D., Pan, B., Askew, C. et al. A synthetic AAV vector enables safe and efficient gene transfer to the mammalian inner ear Nat. Biotechnol., 35 (2017),pp. 280-284
    [51]
    Lee, H.K., Lee, S.H., Lee, K.Y. et al. Clin. Genet., 75 (2009),pp. 572-575
    [52]
    Lieu, J.E. Speech-language and educational consequences of unilateral hearing loss in children Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 130 (2004),pp. 524-530
    [53]
    Liming, B.J., Carter, J., Cheng, A. et al. International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) consensus recommendations: hearing loss in the pediatric patient Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 90 (2016),pp. 251-258
    [54]
    Lin, F.R., Niparko, J.K., Ferrucci, L. Hearing loss prevalence in the United States Arch. Intern. Med., 171 (2011),pp. 1851-1852
    [55]
    Liu, Y.H., Ke, X.M., Qin, Y. et al. Adeno-associated virus-mediated Bcl-xL prevents aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in mice Chin. Med. J. (Engl), 120 (2007),pp. 1236-1240
    [56]
    Ma, Z., Xia, W., Liu, F. et al. Hum. Mol. Genet., 26 (2017),pp. 383-394
    [57]
    Matsuoka, A.J., Morrissey, Z.D., Zhang, C. et al. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells toward placode-derived spiral ganglion-like sensory neurons Stem Cells Transl. Med., 6 (2017),pp. 923-936
    [58]
    Matsushiro, N., Doi, K., Fuse, Y. et al. Laryngoscope, 112 (2002),pp. 255-261
    [59]
    McGrath, S., Ghersi, D. Building towards precision medicine: empowering medical professionals for the next revolution BMC Med. Genomics, 9 (2016),p. 23
    [60]
    Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S.Y., Hattori, M. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 124 (2015),pp. 158S-168S
    [61]
    Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S.Y., Ikeda, T. et al. Massively parallel DNA sequencing successfully identifies new causative mutations in deafness genes in patients with cochlear implantation and EAS PLoS One, 8 (2013)
    [62]
    Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S.Y., Kumakawa, K. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 124 (2015),pp. 148S-157S
    [63]
    Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S.Y., Sakurai, Y. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 124 (2015),pp. 193S-204S
    [64]
    Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S.Y., Usami, S. A comprehensive study on the etiology of patients receiving cochlear implantation with special emphasis on genetic epidemiology Otol. Neurotol., 37 (2016),pp. e126-134
    [65]
    Mohammadian, F., Eatemadi, A., Daraee, H. Application of stem cell for the regeneration of spiral ganglion neurons Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-grand), 63 (2017),pp. 6-12
    [66]
    Mohr, P.E., Feldman, J.J., Dunbar, J.L. The societal costs of severe to profound hearing loss in the United States Policy Anal. Brief H. Ser., 2 (2000),pp. 1-4
    [67]
    Mori, K., Moteki, H., Kobayashi, Y. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 124 (2015),pp. 135S-141S
    [68]
    Nishiyama, N., Kawano, A., Kawaguchi, S. et al. Cochlear implantation in a patient with Epstein syndrome Auris Nasus Larynx, 40 (2013),pp. 409-412
    [69]
    Ohlemiller, K.K., McFadden, S.L., Ding, D.L. et al. Audiol. Neuro. Otol., 4 (1999),pp. 237-246
    [70]
    Pan, B., Askew, C., Galvin, A. et al. Gene therapy restores auditory and vestibular function in a mouse model of Usher syndrome type 1c Nat. Biotechnol., 35 (2017),pp. 264-272
    [71]
    Pecci, A., Verver, E.J., Schlegel, N. et al. Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 9 (2014),p. 100
    [72]
    Pierce, S.B., Chisholm, K.M., Lynch, E.D. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 108 (2011),pp. 6543-6548
    [73]
    Pierce, S.B., Walsh, T., Chisholm, K.M. et al. Mutations in the DBP-deficiency protein HSD17B4 cause ovarian dysgenesis, hearing loss, and ataxia of Perrault syndrome Am. J. Hum. Genet., 87 (2010),pp. 282-288
    [74]
    Plontke, S.K., Gotze, G., Rahne, T. et al. Intracochlear drug delivery in combination with cochlear implants : current aspects HNO, 65 (2017),pp. 19-28
    [75]
    Pollak, A., Lechowicz, U., Kedra, A. et al. PLoS One, 11 (2016)
    [76]
    Punch, R., Hyde, M., Creed, P.A. Issues in the school-to-work transition of hard of hearing adolescents Am. Ann. Deaf, 149 (2004),pp. 28-38
    [77]
    Rehman, A.U., Morell, R.J., Belyantseva, I.A. et al. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 86 (2010),pp. 378-388
    [78]
    Rouillon, I., Marcolla, A., Roux, I. et al. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 70 (2006),pp. 689-696
    [79]
    Ruben, R.J. Redefining the survival of the fittest: communication disorders in the 21st century Laryngoscope, 110 (2000),pp. 241-245
    [80]
    Rudman, J.R., Kabahuma, R.I., Bressler, S.E. et al. The genetic basis of deafness in populations of African descent J. Genet. Genomics, 44 (2017),pp. 285-294
    [81]
    Sakuma, N., Moteki, H., Azaiez, H. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 124 (2015),pp. 184S-192S
    [82]
    Schraders, M., Haas, S.A., Weegerink, N.J. et al. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 88 (2011),pp. 628-634
    [83]
    Schrijver, I. Hereditary non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss: transforming silence to sound J. Mol. Diagn., 6 (2004),pp. 275-284
    [84]
    Selimoglu, E. Aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity Curr. Pharm. Des., 13 (2007),pp. 119-126
    [85]
    Sengillo, J.D., Justus, S., Cabral, T. et al. Correction of monogenic and common retinal disorders with gene therapy Genes (Basel), 8 (2017),p. 53
    [86]
    Shafique, S., Siddiqi, S., Schraders, M. et al. Genetic spectrum of autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss in Pakistani families PLoS One, 9 (2014)
    [87]
    Shearer, A.E., Black-Ziegelbein, E.A., Hildebrand, M.S. et al. Advancing genetic testing for deafness with genomic technology J. Med. Genet., 50 (2013),pp. 627-634
    [88]
    Shearer, A.E., DeLuca, A.P., Hildebrand, M.S. et al. Comprehensive genetic testing for hereditary hearing loss using massively parallel sequencing Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107 (2010),pp. 21104-21109
    [89]
    Shearer, A.E., Eppsteiner, R.W., Frees, K. et al. Genetic variants in the peripheral auditory system significantly affect adult cochlear implant performance Hear. Res., 348 (2017),pp. 138-142
    [90]
    Shearer, A.E., Kolbe, D.L., Azaiez, H. et al. Copy number variants are a common cause of non-syndromic hearing loss Genome Med., 6 (2014),p. 37
    [91]
    Shen, J., Morton, C. Next-generation newborn hearing screening Monogr. Hum. Genet., 20 (2016),pp. 30-39
    [92]
    Shu, Y., Tao, Y., Li, W. et al. Neural Plast., 2016 (2016),p. 9409846
    [93]
    Shu, Y., Tao, Y., Wang, Z. et al. Identification of adeno-associated viral vectors that target neonatal and adult mammalian inner ear cell subtypes Hum. Gene Ther., 27 (2016),pp. 687-699
    [94]
    Sinnathuray, A.R., Raut, V., Awa, A. et al. A review of cochlear implantation in mitochondrial sensorineural hearing loss Otol. Neurotol., 24 (2003),pp. 418-426
    [95]
    Sirmaci, A., Walsh, T., Akay, H. et al. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 87 (2010),pp. 679-686
    [96]
    Sloan-Heggen, C.M., Babanejad, M., Beheshtian, M. et al. Characterising the spectrum of autosomal recessive hereditary hearing loss in Iran J. Med. Genet., 52 (2015),pp. 823-829
    [97]
    Stankovic, K.M., Hennessey, A.M., Herrmann, B. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 119 (2010),pp. 815-822
    [98]
    Suckfuell, M., Lisowska, G., Domka, W. et al. Efficacy and safety of AM-111 in the treatment of acute sensorineural hearing loss: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study Otol. Neurotol., 35 (2014),pp. 1317-1326
    [99]
    Suzuki, J., Hashimoto, K., Xiao, R. et al. Cochlear gene therapy with ancestral AAV in adult mice: complete transduction of inner hair cells without cochlear dysfunction Sci. Rep., 7 (2017),p. 45524
    [100]
    Tang, F., Ma, D., Wang, Y. et al. BMC Med. Genet., 18 (2017),p. 35
    [101]
    Tekin, D., Yan, D., Bademci, G. et al. A next-generation sequencing gene panel (MiamiOtoGenes) for comprehensive analysis of deafness genes Hear. Res., 333 (2016),pp. 179-184
    [102]
    Testa, F., Maguire, A.M., Rossi, S. et al. Three-year follow-up after unilateral subretinal delivery of adeno-associated virus in patients with Leber congenital Amaurosis type 2 Ophthalmology, 120 (2013),pp. 1283-1291
    [103]
    Tsukada, K., Ichinose, A., Miyagawa, M. et al. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 124 (2015),pp. 100S-110S
    [104]
    Usami, S., Miyagawa, M., Nishio, S.Y. et al. Acta Otolaryngol., 132 (2012),pp. 377-384
    [105]
    Van Camp, G., Willems, P.J., Smith, R.J. Nonsyndromic hearing impairment: unparalleled heterogeneity Am. J. Hum. Genet., 60 (1997),pp. 758-764
    [106]
    van Leeuwen, N., Nijpels, G., Becker, M.L. et al. A gene variant near ATM is significantly associated with metformin treatment response in type 2 diabetes: a replication and meta-analysis of five cohorts Diabetologia, 55 (2012),pp. 1971-1977
    [107]
    Vermeire, K., Brokx, J.P., Wuyts, F.L. et al. Otol. Neurotol., 27 (2006),pp. 44-49
    [108]
    Volk, A.E., Lang-Roth, R., Yigit, G. et al. Audiol. Neuro. Otol., 18 (2013),pp. 192-199
    [109]
    Vona, B., Nanda, I., Hofrichter, M.A. et al. Non-syndromic hearing loss gene identification: a brief history and glimpse into the future Mol. Cell. Probes, 29 (2015),pp. 260-270
    [110]
    Walsh, T., Shahin, H., Elkan-Miller, T. et al. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 87 (2010),pp. 90-94
    [111]
    Weegerink, N.J., Schraders, M., Oostrik, J. et al. J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol., 12 (2011),pp. 753-766
    [112]
    Wu, C.C., Lee, Y.C., Chen, P.J. et al. Predominance of genetic diagnosis and imaging results as predictors in determining the speech perception performance outcome after cochlear implantation in children Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 162 (2008),pp. 269-276
    [113]
    Wu, C.C., Lin, S.Y., Su, Y.N. et al. Audiol. Neurootol., 15 (2010),pp. 311-317
    [114]
    Wu, C.C., Liu, T.C., Wang, S.H. et al. Genetic characteristics in children with cochlear implants and the corresponding auditory performance Laryngoscope, 121 (2011),pp. 1287-1293
    [115]
    Wu, C.M., Ko, H.C., Tsou, Y.T. et al. PLoS One, 10 (2015)
    [116]
    Xing, G., Yao, J., Liu, C. et al. J. Med. Genet., 54 (2017),pp. 426-430
    [117]
    Yan, D., Tekin, M., Blanton, S.H. et al. Next-generation sequencing in genetic hearing loss Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers, 17 (2013),pp. 581-587
    [118]
    Yan, Y.J., Li, Y., Yang, T. et al. Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol., 270 (2013),pp. 2865-2870
    [119]
    Yariz, K.O., Duman, D., Zazo Seco, C. et al. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 91 (2012),pp. 872-882
    [120]
    Yoshida, H., Takahashi, H., Kanda, Y. et al. Auris Nasus Larynx, 40 (2013),pp. 435-439
    [121]
    Yu, Q., Wang, Y., Chang, Q. et al. Gene Ther., 21 (2014),pp. 71-80
    [122]
    Yueh, B., Shapiro, N., MacLean, C.H. et al. Screening and management of adult hearing loss in primary care: scientific review J. Am. Med. Assoc., 289 (2003),pp. 1976-1985
    [123]
    Zhang, L.P., Chai, Y.C., Yang, T. et al. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 77 (2013),pp. 1749-1752
    [124]
    Zheng, J., Miller, K.K., Yang, T. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 108 (2011),pp. 4218-4223
    [125]
    Zou, B., Mittal, R., Grati, M. et al. The application of genome editing in studying hearing loss Hear. Res., 327 (2015),pp. 102-108
    [126]
    Zuris, J.A., Thompson, D.B., Shu, Y. et al. Nat. Biotechnol., 33 (2015),pp. 73-80
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索
    Get Citation
    PDF

    Article Metrics

    Article views (97) PDF downloads (1) Cited by ()
    Proportional views
    Related

    Editorial Office

    Journal of Genetics and Genomics

    京ICP备09063187号-7

    No.1, West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R.China

    +86-10-64806528+86-10-64807786jgg@genetics.ac.cn

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd  

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return